Proxy-derived estimates of Pliocene sea surface temperatures are used to assess model estimates of ECS and give an ECS range of 2.6вЂ“4.8 в€C. The mean ensemble Earth system response to a doubling of CO 2 (including ice sheet feedbacks) is 67вЂ‰% greater than ECS this is larger than the increase of 47вЂ‰% obtained from the PlioMIP1 ensemble. There is a statistically significant relationship between a model's climate response associated with a doubling in CO 2 (equilibrium climate sensitivity ECS) and its simulated Pliocene surface temperature response. In the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, meridional temperature gradients are reduced, while tropical zonal gradients remain largely unchanged. There is a clear pattern of polar amplification with warming polewards of 60 в€вЂ‰N and 60 в€вЂ‰S exceeding the global mean warming by a factor of 2.3. On average, surface air temperature (SAT) increases by 4.3 в€C over land and 2.8 в€C over the oceans. Precipitation rates increase by 7вЂ‰% (range: 2вЂ‰%вЂ“13вЂ‰%). Increase by between 1.7 and 5.2 в€C relative to the pre-industrial era As a global annual average, modelled surface air temperatures Here we present the large-scale features of PlioceneД¬limate as simulated by a new ensemble of climate models of varyingД¬omplexity and spatial resolution based on new reconstructions ofД«oundary conditions (the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project PhaseВ 2 Understanding of the long-term climatic and environmental consequences of an atmospheric CO 2 concentration near в€ј400 parts per The Pliocene epoch has great potential to improve our Tindall Received: вЂ“ Discussion started: вЂ“ Revised: вЂ“ Accepted: вЂ“ Published: Tindall Hide author detailsД¬orrespondence: Julia C. 18 School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UKД¬orrespondence: Julia C.17 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU),Дepartment of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CS, the Netherlands.16 Centre for Complex Systems Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CS, the Netherlands.University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06033, USA 15 Department of Geosciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences,.14 National Center for Atmospheric Research, (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80305, USA.

13 CCSR/GISS, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA.

12 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.

Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden

11 Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate.

10 Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.

9 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway.

8 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,.

7 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UniversitГ© Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

6 Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of.

5 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7, Canada.

4 Alfred-Wegener-Institut вЂ“ Helmholtz-Zentrum fГјr Polar and Meeresforschung (AWI), Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany.

3 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan.

2 Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, U.S.1 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS29JT, UK.Nisancioglu 9, Qiong Zhang 11, Qiang Li 11, Youichi Kamae 12, Mark A. Richard Peltier 5, Ning Tan 6,7, Camille Contoux 7, Gilles Ramstein 7, Xiangyu Li 8,9, Zhongshi Zhang 8,9,10, Chuncheng Guo 9, Kerim H. Hill 1, Wing-Le Chan 3, Ayako Abe-Ouchi 3, Christian Stepanek 4, Gerrit Lohmann 4, Deepak Chandan 5, W.

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